http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Report+reveals+gender+university+professor+salaries/3382088/story.html
Male professors at Canadian universities on average earn higher salaries than their female colleagues — with the discrepancy reaching more than $20,000 at some institutions, according to numbers released Tuesday by Statistics Canada.
The average salary of a full-time, male teaching-staff member at the University of Toronto, excluding medical and dental faculty members, is $20,362 higher than a female teaching-staff member also working full time, says data from 2008 and 2009.
The University of Calgary has the second-largest gap, with male teaching staff earning $20,147 more than female professors.
The report, drawn from the annual University and College Academic Staff Survey, lists the full-time teaching staff salaries and salary scales at universities and colleges in Canada that have a staff of 100 or more.
Other schools reported similar discrepancies: University of British Columbia ($16,559), Dalhousie University ($16,162), Royal Military College of Canada ($16,035) University of Western Ontario ($15,933), University of Lethbridge ($15,675) and McGill University ($15,082).
University officials, however, say these pay discrepancies aren't a sign of bias but instead the result of former hiring practices that favoured men, the age and rank of professors and the distribution of men and women in different disciplines.
"Certainly, when you actually factor in all those variables then, in fact, the gender differences in salary largely disappear," said Edith Hillan, vice-provost, faculty and academic life, at the University of Toronto.
Fields such as business, computer science and engineering tend to pay more and are dominated by men, while female-dominated fields, like social sciences and the humanities, pay less.
"In general, when you look at the data, unfortunately, I think it's probably only about 18 to 20 per cent of all full professors (are) women across Canada," Hillan said. "In a sense . . . a lot of it is the result of hiring practices in the past.
"We actually think at (the University of Toronto) we're doing pretty well. Over the last few years, through a very proactive recruitment process, we've got up to the 50-per-cent mark in terms of woman hires. But most of them are going to be at junior ranks, because that's the way the bulk of our professors come in."
While there may be more women than ever teaching at universities, Hillan said, many are assistant or associate professors — positions that pay less than a full professor job.
"The one thing I would have to emphasize is you can't look at gender in isolation," she said. "You've got to consider other variables as well."
These numbers reflect that 20 years ago, most teaching jobs at universities were occupied by men, said David Robinson, from the Canadian Association of University Teachers.
"A lot of women in the profession are now making their way through," he said. "That's one of the biggest distortions that causes an overall gender gap."
The association does its own analysis of pay discrepancies between the two genders, whereby they factor in age and rank, Robinson said.
Their findings indicate the pay gap is currently about five per cent.
"Women are making about 95 to 96 per cent of what men are making," he said. "That's still a significant gap when you think about it and we can't explain it."
Universities and colleges with smaller salary gaps include Acadia University ($5,472), St. Thomas University ($4,429) Universite de Quebec a Montreal ($3,772) and Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique ($2,033).
SIDE:
How the gender gap pays out in other schools:
University of Victoria: $11,526
University of Northern B.C.: $7,590
Simon Fraser University: $13,095
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University of Alberta: $14,877
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University of Saskatchewan: $9,807
University of Regina: $9,453
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University of Winnipeg: $9,835
University of Manitoba: $13,904
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Carleton University: $13,354
University of Ottawa: $7,899
University of Windsor: $11,719
Showing posts with label canadian universities. Show all posts
Showing posts with label canadian universities. Show all posts
Tuesday, August 10, 2010
Tuesday, December 8, 2009
The Male Minority
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/editorials/the-male-minority/article1392251/
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From Tuesday's Globe and Mail Published on Tuesday, Dec. 08, 2009 12:00AM EST Last updated on Tuesday, Dec. 08, 2009 2:23AM EST
Indira Samarasekera, the president of the University of Alberta, was right to show concern for the future education of Canada's young men, the subject of a front-page story by Elizabeth Church in yesterday's Globe.
The barbs that have been directed at Ms. Samarasekera are unwarranted and shortsighted. She warned that the country's universities are unwittingly building a "demographic bomb": for the first time, men are noticeably underrepresented at Canadian universities, accounting for only 42 per cent of their students despite making up half the nation's population.
She worries "that we'll wake up in 20 years and we will not have the benefit of enough male talent at the heads of companies and elsewhere," she said in October. And she promised to use her status as a South Asian, female university president "to be an advocate for young white men, because I can be. No one is going to question me when I say we have a problem."
In that last prognosis, she was wrong. A group of students calling themselves the Samarasekera Response Team papered the campus with mocking slogans such as "Only White Men Can Save our University!" (They were soon collared by campus security, but were not disciplined.)
Among them was Derek Warwick, a fourth-year Women's Studies major, who said Ms. Samarasekera's comments were "uncalled for" and showed "a complete lack of understanding of our context today." He added that men "can be their own advocates" because "it's a white man's world."
But Ms. Samarasekera and other university presidents understand that, in an equitable, multicultural and productive society, a helping hand must be given to any group that lags behind, even if it was once a front-runner.
That women hold only 5 per cent of the country's top jobs and are, on average, still paid less than men are serious concerns that require attention, but Mr. Warwick wrongly assumes history will simply repeat itself. The changes wrought by a demographic imbalance in higher education - on governments, industries and families - will take decades to reveal themselves, by which point it will be too late to intervene.
Granted, Ms. Samarasekera's decision to highlight white men rather than men in general seems more political than policy-minded. But it was not unfair of her to note how easily extra supports for white students are stigmatized as helping the rich get richer - a generalization that does not stand up to examination.
Ms. Samarasekera's detractors have misread the context. Men have not managed to close the enrolment gap, or to draw their high school grades even with women's. And jobs that attract hordes of high-school-educated men, such as those in Alberta's oil fields and Canada's automotive industry, are dwindling.
Canada's leaders want to build a more innovative economy. Equal numbers of bright, educated women and men are needed to drive it.
Who's in the know: Women surge, men sink in education's gender gap
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ELIZABETH CHURCH
From Monday's Globe and Mail Published on Monday, Dec. 07, 2009 12:00AM EST Last updated on Monday, Dec. 07, 2009 10:06AM EST
EDUCATION REPORTER
In a red-brick building at the University of Guelph, where veterinarians have been schooled for the better part of a century, a demographic shift is taking place that offers a window into the future of human behaviour.
In the past decade, Ontario Veterinary College has seen its student numbers turned on their head: Women account for more than 80 per cent of its students during that time, and now make up more than half of the province's practising vets.
It's an extreme example of a story that is playing out on campuses in Canada and around the world - and a trend that could have profound social implications. There are now three female undergraduates for every two male students on Canadian campuses, and more women than men graduated with higher education degrees in 75 of 98 countries examined in a recent UNESCO study.
Women are expected to gain more power in public and corporate life and more financial independence.
Faced with a dwindling number of potential mates who are their education equals, however, researchers speculate more women may take a pass on the traditional family, or be more willing to leave it when things don't work. And more men may find themselves tending to hearth and home.
"We are an example of things to come," says Serge Desmarais, Guelph's associate vice-president, academic, and a psychologist who specializes in gender studies. "Imagine 30 years from now when 60, 70 per cent of the people who are educated are women. It has to change the ratio of who does what. And that has huge social ramifications."
Economist Ross Finnie agrees. "It's a whole new world," says Prof. Finnie, who teaches public policy at the University of Ottawa. "This is a complete flip-around from not so long ago. I think the direction of change is almost certain. I don't think it's ridiculous to say women will have the upper hand in a way they haven't in the past."
Today's "gender gap" has been a long time in the making. Women reached parity at the undergraduate level in 1987, at the masters level in 1997, and now account for about 46 per cent of PhD candidates. Women are still the minority in fields such as engineering, computer science and math, but account for the majority of students in most disciplines.
But the economic meltdown and the huge hit taken by traditionally male-dominated industries, such as the auto sector, has brought a new urgency to the debate. Even in the depths of the current recession, when the country shed 330,000 jobs, about 62,000 new positions were created for university graduates in the 12 months up to September, Statistics Canada numbers show.
Some university leaders say the gap is a reflection of a larger societal puzzle that sees boys lagging girls in academic achievement long before they reach campuses, and has led to new approaches for teaching boys, such as boys-only schools. Studies show that as early as Grade 9, more girls plan to attend university, and those aspirations increase as they approach graduation.
"We should be concerned about any group not participating in post-secondary education," says Ryerson University president Sheldon Levy. "We need to ask some tough questions about the graduation rates of men out of high school and why they aren't going to universities."
Others are more cautious, pointing to U.S. research that finds girls historically have done better at school, but were discouraged from continuing their education. And men are still going to university at record levels: 85,000 of them were in Canadian undergraduate and graduate programs in 2007 - about 30 per cent more than in 2000. As for colleges, men and women are going in equal numbers.
At Guelph, first-year student vet Adam Little is acutely aware of his outnumbered status. "I am a white guy and I am in the minority. It is definitely a different dynamic," says Mr. Little, who acknowledges he and his male classmates tend to stick together. While he knows of several men who had ambitions of going to the vet college, they took different paths when confronted with the school's admissions hurdles. "The people who stick with it are mostly women," he adds.
Some attempts to right the growing imbalance have been controversial. When University of Alberta president Indira Samarasekera told local media she was prepared to be "an advocate for young white men," the reaction was quick, including a poster campaign by students mocking her remarks.
"I know a problematic statement when I see one," said student Derek Warwick, a key organizer of the campaign. A Métis student from rural Alberta, he says there are plenty of groups - racial minorities, aboriginals, students from low-income families - who are underrepresented at universities and deserve attention.
And despite the changes anticipated by some researchers, women in Canada hold roughly 5 per cent of top corporate jobs and account for 5.6 per cent of the highest earners, according to the research group Catalyst Inc. Young women still make about 90 cents for every dollar earned by a young man.
A South Asian who was one of only two female engineering professors at the University of British Columbia when she began her career, Dr. Samarasekera says she understands how much ground women and minority groups still need to gain. But she argues society can no longer ignore what is happening to men.
"There is a feeling men can take care of themselves - clearly that is not true. If that were true, we wouldn't be seeing this growing gap." Men's failure to go on to higher education in the same numbers as women is a "demographic bomb," she warns, that will hurt Canada's ability to compete and limit men's potential.
But beyond stepping up recruitment efforts, universities say their hands are tied. "We really have no ability to do anything in the admissions process to give preferential treatment," says David Hannah, the vice-president responsible for enrolment at the University of Saskatchewan. "I've had deans ask me about that as a way to get a better balance in their programs, and the answer is no. It's against the law."
In the United States, favouritism toward male applicants is suspected at some liberal arts colleges, where the absence of faculties such as engineering and computer science puts gender numbers even more off-kilter. The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights last month began an inquiry into accusations that private schools are discriminating against women to prevent campuses from becoming "too female," fearing this will discourage others from applying.
At the University of Guelph, Prof. Desmarais says simple solutions such as boys-only schools can't be expected to solve such a complex question. The greater problem, he argues, is the still-held belief by some groups that education is a waste of their time.
"The problem is not what happens here, but what happens to lead people here," he says. "If achieving in school earlier in life is not perceived to be important, then I can tell you, they are never seeing university."
At the vet school, Mr. Little says being one of 26 men in a class of 112 has some obvious advantages. Although singlet, at least in one respect, the odds are still in his favour.
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